EXOTIC AROWANA A FISH OF NIRVANA

 THE FAMOUS INDONESIAN DRAGON FISH

ARWANA aka AROWANA DERIVED FROM INDONESIAN WORD NIRWANA MEANS HEAVEN OR PARADISE, BUT THEY HAVE SEVERAL OTHER COMMON NAMES, SUCH AS BONYTONGUE, THE DRAGON FISH, OR A NUMBER OF NAMES WITH VARIETIES OF SPECIFICATIONS. 

A BONYTONGUE NAME IS DERIVED FROM THE SHAPE OF A TOOTHED BONE ON THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH, THE "TENTACLE TONGUE" EQUIPPED WITH TEETH THAT BITE AGAINST TEETH ON THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH. 

KNOWN AS THE FISH OF PARADISE AND THE MOST EXPENSIVE PET FISH, A BONYTONGUES OR THE DRAGON FISH OF AROWANAS ARE CARNIVOROUS, WHICH MEANS THE ADULTS AROWANA FEED ON OTHER FISH. WHILE  JUVENILES, FEED ON VARIOUS INSECTS   AND SHOULD BE FED WITH HIGH-QUALITY DIET MEATY LIVE FOOD, SUCH AS  CRICKETS, SHRIMP AND CRICKETS, CENTIPEDES,  SHRIMPS, SMALL FROGS,  EARTHWORMS, MEALWORMS AND  THEY  ALSO LIKE  TO BE FED WITH PREPARED FOOD LIKE  FROZEN SHRIMP, FROZEN FISH FOOD, AND PELLETED FOOD.

ALL VARIANTS OF AROWANA FISH ALSO KNOWN AS A MOUTH BROODER WHICH MEANS ITS EGGS AND JUVENILES IS HIDDEN IN THE MOTHER’S MOUTH PROTECTION .EGGS AND JUVENILES PROTECTION CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE  COUPLES ( MALE OR FEMALE ) OF THEIR PARENTS. 

UNTIL NOW AROWANA  FISH SPECIES (FAMILIA OSTEOGLOSSIDAE) WHICH HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY DESCRIBED BY TAXONOMISTS AS MANY AS TEN SPECIES, ONE SPECIES SPREAD IN TROPICAL AFRICA, FOUR SPECIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, TWO SPECIES FROM NORTHERN AUSTRALIA, AND THREE SPECIES OF SOUTH AMERICA.  TEN SPECIES OF AROWANA ARE:

SUBFAMILIA HETEROTIDINAE ( AROWANA WITHOUT TENTACLE)

PIRARUCU AROWANA / ARAPAIMA : ARAPAIMA GIGAS ( CUVIER , 1829 )

SUBFAMILIA OSTEOGLOSSINAE ( AROWANA MURMUR )

AROWANA SILVER/INDONESIAN SILVER AROWANA : OSTEOGLOSSUM BICIRRHOSUM

( CUVIER , 1829 )

AROWANA BLACK / BLACK AROWANA : OSTEOGLOSSUM FERREIRAI 
( KANAZAWA , 1966)

AROWANA GREEN / INDONESIAN GREEN AROWANA : SCLEROPAGES FORMOSUS 
( SCHLEGEL & MÜLLER , 1844 )

AROWANA GOLD / RED TAIL GOLD/ INDONESIAN GOLDEN   : SCLEROPAGES AUREUS 
( POUYAD , SUDARTO & TEUGELS , 2003)

SILVER AROWANA/ INDONESIAN SILVER :SCLEROPAGES MACROCEPHALUS 

( POUYAD , SUDARTO & TEUGELS , 2003)

RED AROWANA /  INDONESIAN SUPER RED AROWANA : SCLEROPAGES LEGENDREI 
( POUYAD , SUDARTO & TEUGELS , 2003)

AROWANA PAPUA/RED SARATOGA/NORTHERN SPOTTED BARAMUNDI : SCLEROPAGES JARDINII      ( SAVILLE - KENT , 1892 )

ACCORDING TO POUYAD, ET AL. ON HIS  JOURNAL IN 2003, HAS DIVIDED THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN AROWANA FISH INTO 4 DIFFERENT SPECIES, NAMELY GREEN AROWANA, GOLDEN AROWANA, SILVER AROWANA AND RED AROWANA.  THE  MOST  ASIAN AROWANA DRAGON FISH OR ASIAN BONYTONGUE VARIANTS CAME FROM INDONESIAN TERITORRIES.

GREEN AROWANA ( SCLEROPAGES FORMOSUS )

GREEN AROWANA

IN ADDITION TO INDONESIA GREEN AROWANA IS THE MOST COMMON SPECIES THAT CAN BE FOUND THROUGHOUT THE WATERS AREA IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. THIS SPECIES LIVE AND  SPREAD FROM  MYANMAR, THAILAND, VIETNAM, CAMBODIA, MALAYSIA. GREEN AROWANA THAT COMES FROM INDONESIAN WATERS TERRITORY IS EASILY RECOGNIZABLE FROM THE LOOK. THEY HAVE A WIDE BODY  BUT SMALLEST SHAPE WITH CREAMY  BASIC COLOR SCALES AND GREENY BRIGHT GREEN ON THE SECOND RING SCALES BUT SOMETIMES THE SCALES HAVE DARK GREEN BASE COLOR. THE GREEN COLOR EYE CIRCLE, MIXED WITH  A DARK GREY DORSAL FIN, ANAL FIN AND TAIL. THE MOUTH  AND OPERCULUM SHAPE ARE MORE ROUNDED THAN OTHER AROWANA SPECIES.

SILVER AROWANA  
( OSTEOGLOSSUM BICIRRHOSUM & SCLEROPAGES MACROCEPHALUS )

SILVER AROWANA  ( OSTEOGLOSSUM BICIRRHOSUM )

SILVER AROWANA (  OSTEOGLOSSUM BICIRRHOSUM )    IS THE ENDEMIC FISH ON  KALIMANTAN ISLAND. ANOTHER VARIANT OF SILVER AROWANA ( SCLEROPAGES MACROCEPHALUS ) ONLY LIVES IN WATERS HABITAT NEAR  BANJARMASIN TOWN AREAS IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE. THIS EXOTIC FISH IS RECOGNIZED BY HOBBYISTS AND BREEDERS AS RED BANJAR BECAUSE OF THEIR TAIL COLOR . SILVER AROWANA LOOK GENERALLY HAVE LONG BODY SHAPE WITH A DARK GREEN COLOR ON THE BACK . THE SCALES IS ALMOST ENTIRELY SILVERY AND SOMEWHAT DARK AND IT HAS DARK OLIVE GREEN RINGS.THE SILVER AROWANA EGGS SIZE  HAS A RELATIVELY LARGE EGGS COMPARED TO OTHER TYPES.

SILVER AROWANA  LIVE IN HABITAT THAT LOCATED AT THE  BIG RIVERS WITH CALM-FLOWING AND CLEAR WATER WITH ACIDITY ( PH ) OF MORE THAN 6. HOWEVER SOMETIMES, SILVER AROWANA IS ALSO FOUND IN FAST-FLOWING RIVERS.

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THERE ARE CURRENTLY 3 SILVER AROWANA VARIANTS BASED ON THE COLOR OF THE DORSAL FIN , ANAL FIN AND TAIL FIN , NAMELY : VARIANT PINO / PINOH ( GREYTAIL SILVER ) , BANJAR YELLOW ( YELLOW TAIL SILVER / YELLOW BANJAR ) AND BANJAR RED ( REDTAIL SILVER / RED BANJAR ) .

SILVER AROWANA WITH MULTICOLORS TAIL AND FIN (  SCLEROPAGES MACROCEPHALUS )

AROWANA PINOH WITH GREEN OR GRAY TAIL VARIANT HAS CAME FROM PINOH MELAWI RIVER (A TRIBUTARY OF THE KAPUAS RIVER) .

WHILE ANOTHER TWO VARIANTS, NAMED RED TAIL AND YELLOW TAIL, KNOWN TO HAVE ONLY LIMITED HABITAT, WHICH IS IN THE BARITO RIVER -CENTRAL KALIMANTAN  PROVINCE AND SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE , INDONESIA.

PINOH AROWANA PRICE IS SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN THE GREEN AROWANA. THE PRICE OF YELLOW TAIL VARIANT IS HIGHER THAN PINOH AROWANA . WHILE THE REDTAIL  IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE  CLASS OF ALL VARIANTS IN SILVER AROWANA.

GOLD AROWANA  ( SCLEROPAGES AUREUS )

GOLD AROWANA KNOWN HAVE A MANY COLORS TAIL . ESPECIALY A RED TAIL GOLD COLOR  OR KNOWN AS RTG LIVES ONLY IN A LIMITED HABITAT AREA IN ISLAND OF SUMATRA, WITH ENDANGERED STATUS.

THIS SPECIES IS COMMONLY FOUND IN SWAMP PEAT, LAKES, OPEN WATER AREA NEAR A RIVER SUCH AS THE SIAK RIVER - NEAR TOWN OF PEKAN BARU , RIAU PROVINCE  AND BATANGHARI RIVER IN BERBAK NATIONAL PARK , JAMBI PROVINCE, INDONESIA . THEY USUALLY LIVE ON LAKE OR RIVER  WITH A UNIQUE  CHARACTERISTIC. THE WATER IS USUALLY HAVE A BLACK OR REDISH COLOR CONCENTRATED WITH SCALE 6 ACIDITY PH. WHICH MAKES THIS VARIANT HAS AN EXCELLENT DARK GOLD COLOR.

THERE ARE 3 COLORS CLASSIFIED NAMED AROWANA GOLD,ORDINARY AROWANA GOLD ( GOLD FISH SCALES ON LEVEL 3-4 ), AROWANA HIGHBACK GOLD ( GOLD FISH SCALES ON LEVEL 4-5 ) AND AROWANA HIGHBACK SUPER GOLD  ( GOLD FISH SCALES ON PERFECT LEVEL, WHICH IS 5-6 ). ITS BRIGHT COLOR SCALES, FIN AND SHAPE OF HEAD IS ALSO A STRONG POINT OF ITS BEAUTY AND PRICES.

RARE VARIANT WITH PERFECTLY BRIGHT COLOR GOLD  CROSSBACK  AROWANA THAT ALSO KNOWN IS CAME FROM LAKE IN MALAYA PENINSULA , BECAUSE OF ITS BEAUTIFUL  NEARLY 24 CARATS  GOLD COLOR THIS LIMITED  VARIANT KNOWN HAVE AN FANTASTIC PRICE. THE AROWANA GOLD HYBRID VARIANT USUALLY CAME FROM THESE VARIANTS  WITH SUMATRAN VARIANTS CROSSING BREED.

RED AROWANA   (SCLEROPAGES LEGENDREI)

THIS RED DRAGON FISH FOUND IN MANY PARTS OF THE TERRITORY OF WEST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE IN INDONESIA. THE MOST COMMON PLACE FOR THESE FISHES ARE THE KAPUAS RIVER AND LAKE SENTARUM.

THERE ARE 4 MOST POPULAR WITH VERY HIGH PRICE GRADE OF AROWANA WHICH ARE DETECTED IN THIS AREA. 4 VARIANT RED AROWANA ARE KNOWN AS SUPER RED , RED , BLOOD RED , AND CHILLI RED AROWANA.

THESE VARIANTS ARE THE WORLD'S MOST WANTED AND AS A POPULAR EXOTICS PET FISHES FOR THE HOBBYIST. THEY ARE KNOWN FOR ITS BEAUTIFUL NICE COLOR , HAVE AN EXCELLENT STAMINA AND OUTSTANDING BODY LOOK, EVENTHOUGH VERY HIGH PRICES RATE ESPECIALLY FOR THE BRIGHTLY COLOR OF HYBRID VARIANT THEIR STILL MOST PREFERED.

WITH HIGH PROFIT BY SELLING THESE RED AROWANAS, A LOT OF FISH FARMERS TRY TO BREED THIS RARE VARIANT.  UNTIL NOW, THE RED AROWANA DRAGON FISH IS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN  SUMATRAN CROSSBACK GOLD. EVEN AFTER THE FIRST TIME MASS PRODUCTION RED AROWANA DRAGON FISH’S PRICE GOES LOWER, THAT PRICE IS STILL MORE EXPENSIVE THAN SUMATRAN CROSSBACK GOLD.

PAPUAN AROWANA  ( SCLEROPAGES JARDINII )

IN ADDITION TO ISLAND OF SUMATRA AND KALIMANTAN , AROWANA FISH CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN ISLAND OF PAPUA . WITH JUST THE 7 -8 LINES  OF FISH SCALES  AND  ALSO SMALLER  ROUNDED FISH SCALES THAN ASIAN AROWANA SCALE SIZE, PAPUAN AROWANA HAVE A DIFFERENT LOOK ALSO CHARACTERISTICS. HOWEVER THE SCALES LOOK SO VERY BEAUTIFUL AND MORE SHIMMERING LIKE PEARL. THEREFORE THE PAPUAN AROWANA CALLED PEARL AROWANA  WITH THE   TWO DIFFERENT COLOR  VARIANTS. THEY ARE  A FAMOUS RED OR PINK PEARL AROWANA AND GREEN PEARL AROWANA.

THIS EXOTIC FISH LIVE IN MANY RIVERS AND LAKE NEAR TOWN MERAUKE - WEST PAPUA PROVINCE, INDONESIA INCLUDING IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA AND QUEENSLAND.

THE ROCKING FRUIT OF DURIAN!

THE MOST WANTED  INDONESIAN RED DURIAN

RARE RED DURIAN  ( DURIO GRAVIOLENS ) FROM EAST OF JAVA 

INDONESIAN WORD DURI MEANS THORN - DURIAN ˈ (READ ; DJƱRIƏN ) MEANS HAVE A THORNS. KNOWN BY MANY PEOPLE IN INDONESIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA AS THE "KING OF FRUITS", THE DURIAN IS DISTINCTIVE FOR ITS LARGE SIZE, STRONG ODOUR, AND FORMIDABLE THORN.  THE FRUIT SHAPE RANGES A ROUND AS 30 CENTIMETRES (12 IN) LONG AND 15 CENTIMETRES (6 IN) IN DIAMETER, AND IT TYPICALLY WEIGHS ONE TO THREE KILOGRAMS (2 TO 7 LB)  , THE COLOUR OF ITS HUSK GREEN TO BROWN AND ITS FLESH COLOR IS CREAM, PALE YELLOW TO ORANGE , DEPENDING ON THE SPECIES.  EVERY FRUIT HAVE  FOUR UNTIL FIVE SHELLS SKIN FRUIT, EVERY SHELL CONTAIN TWO UNTIL FOUR SEEDS WITH THE SWEET CREAMY FLESH COVERED . ASIDE FROM INDONESIA DURIAN AS WE KNOWN CAME FROM SEVERAL SOUTH EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES  WITH VARIOUS TREE SPECIES WHICH BELONGS TO THE GENUS DURIO AND THE FAMILY MALVACEAE (ALTHOUGH SOME TAXONOMISTS PLACE DURIO IN A DISTINCT FAMILY, DURIONACEAE ) .

GROWING SEEDS

THE TALL DURIAN TREES IN NATURAL HABITAT

DURIAN OR JACKFRUIT TREES ARE LARGE, GROWING TO 25–50 METRES (80–164 FT) IN HEIGHT DEPENDING ON THE SPECIES. THEIR GROWS OPTMALLY AT TROPIC REGION AN ALTITUDE 0F 50 – 600 M ABOVE SEA LEVEL, 40 – 50 % DAYLIGHT INTENSITY WITH TEMPERATURE 0F 22 – 30 CELCIUS DEGREES, IDEAL RAINFALL 1500 -2500 MM/YEAR AND WITH PH 6 -7 SANDY FERTILE ORGANIC SOIL. LEAVES ARE EVERGREEN, ELLIPTIC APPROXIMATELY 10 –18 CENTIMETRES  LONG. THE FLOWERS ARE PRODUCED IN THREE TO THIRTY CLUSTERS TOGETHER ON LARGE BRANCHES AND DIRECTLY ON THE TRUNK WITH EACH FLOWER HAVING A CALYX  AND FOUR UNTIL SIX PETALS. THEY HAVE ONE OR TWO FLOWERING AND FRUITING PERIODS PER YEAR, ALTHOUGH THE TIMING VARIES DEPENDING ON THE SPECIES, CULTIVARS, AND LOCALITIES. A TYPICAL DURIAN TREE CAN BEAR FRUIT FROM FOUR UNTIL FIVE YEARS AND THE  FRUIT CAN HANG FROM ANY BRANCH AND RIPEN ROUGHLY THREE MONTHS AFTER POLLINATION.

RED DURIAN FLOWERS

SOME PEOPLE IN SOUTH ASIA REGION ESPECIALLY IN  INDONESIA  KNOWN DURIAN AS HAVING A PLEASANTLY NICE SPECIFIC SWEET FRAGRANCE ; BUT IN ANOTHER REGION THAT DOESNT FAMILIAR WITH DURIAN YET, CAN FIND THAT THE DURIAN AROMA IS OVERPOWERING AND BRING HEADACHE. EVEN IF THE DURIAN HAS A VERY STRONG SMELL AND MIGHT ANNOYED SOMEBODY, ACTUALLY  DURIAN  SMELL IS NOT AS BAD AS THE RUMOURS. HOWEVER, IF WE BRING THAT FRUIT IN THE PUBLIC FACILITIES SUCH AS HOTEL OR MASS TRANSPORTATION THAT HAS NOT ENOUGH AIR VENTILATION, THE SMELL COULD BE BOTHERSOME

GOLDEN ORDINARY DURIANS

THE DURIAN, NATIVE TO INDONESIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA, HAS BEEN KNOWN TO THE WESTERN WORLD FOR ABOUT 600 YEARS. THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH NATURALIST ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE FAMOUSLY DESCRIBED ITS FLESH AS "A RICH CUSTARD HIGHLY FLAVOURED WITH ALMONDS". THE FLESH CAN BE CONSUME AT VARIOUS STAGES OF RIPENESS, AND IT IS USED TO FLAVOUR A WIDE VARIETY OF SAVOURY AND SWEET EDIBLES IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN CUISINES. THE SEEDS CAN ALSO BE EATEN WHEN COOKED. THERE ARE 30 RECOGNISED DURIO SPECIES. AT LEAST NINE OF THESE SPECIES PRODUCE EDIBLE FRUIT. DURIO ZIBETHINUS  IS THE ONLY SPECIES AVAILABLE IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET: OTHER SPECIES ARE SOLD IN THEIR LOCAL REGIONS.

RED DURIANS  (  DURIO GRAVIOLENS ) WITH A GREENY SHELL

IN PRESENT TIME, THE POMOLOGICAL SCIENCE CAN GENERATE VARIOUS QUALITIES OF DURIAN, AND EVEN RECREATE THE TASTE, THE FLESH THICKNESS, WITH JUST THE ORDINARY CREAM COLORED DURIAN. BUT NOT MANY PEOPLE KNOW THAT THERE ARE ACTUALLY ANOTHER COLOR OF DURIAN OUT THERE, SUCH AS DURIAN EMAS OR AN ORANGE COLOR DURIAN  ( DURIO KUTENJESIS ) FROM KALIMANTAN  AND THE RECENTLY FAMOUS RED DURIAN (DURIO GRAVIOLENS) FROM EAST JAVA .

 BANYUWANGI REGION ALSO HAVE A UNIQUELY  JAVANESE AND BALINESE MIXED CULTURE

ALTHOUGH ANOTHER TYPE OF RED DURIAN  ALSO GROWS IN SMALL PART OF KALIMANTAN ISLAND,  RECENTLY WITH 0NE AND ANOTHER ASIAN MYTH REASONS LOCAL INDONESIAN PEOPLE AND FOREIGNERS START TO HUNT A RARE TYPE  OF  EAST JAVA'S RED DURIAN  BOTH FOR ITS FRUIT AND TO BREED THE TREE. ON 1997, THIS TYPE  FAMOUS FOR ITS EXTRAORDINARY UNIQUE  BEST QUALITY TASTE AND ITS PARTICULAR LOOK, HAVE BEEN FOUND JUST IN BANYUWANGI  DISTRICT REGION - EAST JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA. THERE ARE ONLY 2 TREES FOUND AT THAT TIME, AND CURRENTLY THERE ARE ONLY 200 TREES STANDING. BEING A RARE BREED, IT’S OBVIOUS THAT WHEN THE CULTIVATION SEASON HAS COME, MANY LOCAL AND FOREIGNERS WILL COMPETE TO BID  THE FRUITS ON SITE DIRECTLY WITH FANTASTIC PRICES.

 DURIAN WITH VARIOUS COLORS

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INSPIRING INDONESIA !
LAMBORGHINI MADURA

AFTER PORCHE USED THE INDONESIAN WORD MACAN IN 2014 (PRONUNCIATION ; MACHAN/MATJAN - THAT MEANS TIGER ), THE NAME MADURA WILL ALSO BECOME FAMOUS AFTER BEING CHOSEN BY LAMBORGHINI AS THE NAME OF ITS NEW LUXURIOUS CAR SERIES THAT WILL LAUNCH IN 2016.

MADURA IS THE NAME OF AN ISLAND IN INDONESIA,  OFF THE NORTHEASTERN COAST OF JAVA. THE ISLAND IS ADMINISTERED AS PART OF THE EAST JAVA PROVINCE WITH SURABAYA AS THE CAPITAL . IT IS SEPARATED FROM JAVA ISLAND BY THE NARROW MADURA STRAIT.  THIS ISLAND IS   FAMOUS FOR BEING A SALT PRODUCER, THEIR FAMOUS CUISINES LIKE SATE (SATAY) MADURA AND SOTO ( SOUP ) MADURA,  BATIK WITH SPESIFIC PATTERN AND STRONG COLORS AND ALSO HAVE MANY BEAUTIFUL NATURAL SCENERY INCLUDING VARIOUS TRADITIONAL DANCES AND MUSICAL TRADITION.   

SURAMADU ( SURABAYA-MADURA ) INTER-ISLAND BRIDGE OVER A MADURA STRAIT

ANOTHER THE  MOST FAMOUS   CULTURAL ACTIVITY FROM THIS REGION  IS KARAPAN SAPI  MEANS  BULL RACE.  IT’S  BULL-RACING COMPETITION  WHERE A JOCKEY, USUALLY A YOUNG BOY, RIDES A SIMPLE WOODEN SLED PULLED BY A PAIR OF BULLS OVER A COURSE OF ABOUT 100 METERS IN TEN TO FIFTEEN SECONDS. 

THE RACE POWER IS AN  ILLUSTRATION OF  BRAVE, SKILLS AND SPEED ACTIVITIES INSPIRED A MUNICH UNIVERSITY 21 YEARS OLD STUDENT NAMED SLAVCHE TANEVSKY TO MAKE A SKETCH FOR A NEW CAR SERIES OF LAMBORGHINI.  

HE FOUND THE NAME WHILE HE WAS SEARCHING FOR THE NAME OF THE MOST FAMOUS BULL ON THE INTERNET.  "WHEN I LOOK FOR THE FAMOUS BULL, BULL RACES, SUDDENLY APPEARED THE NAME OF MADURA," HE SAID.

THE SKETCH

REGARDING THE CAR, WHICH TAKES THE CONCEPT OF A HYBRID ENGINE CAR PRODUCED IN PARTNERSHIP WITH DESIGNER TANEVSKY, LAMBORGHINI AND AUDI FOR LAMBORGHINI'S RAW MATERIALS PROJECT, HEADED BY PROF. DR. OTHMAR WICKENHEISER.

"MADURA WILL BE PROPOSED FOR LAMBORGHINI'S FIRST HYBRID CAR SCHEDULED FOR 2016. TO BE MORE EFFICIENT AND MORE FRIENDLY TO THE ENVIRONMENT, NOT THE MEANS TO MAKE THE VEHICLE LOOK TO BE UNATTRACTIVE, UNSIGHTLY AND NOT FAST. BUT IN MY OPINION THIS NEW DRIVE SYSTEMS (HYBRID ) SHOULD REPRESENT THE VIEW OF VEHICLES .......SAID TANEVSKY AGAIN!

LAMBORGHINI SURE KNOWS  ABOUT INDONESIA,  BECAUSE SINCE THEY HAVE BEEN BOUGHT BY CHRYSLER THEN HAVE A FINANCIAL TROUBLE, TWO  INDONESIAN  ENTREPRENEURS   TOOK OVER THE OWNERSHIP FOR SOME TIME IN THE 90s.

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INDONESIAN FLAVOUR IN EVERY CUPS OF COFFEE !

INDONESIA is the fourth largest producer of coffee in the world. Coffee in this archipelago began with its colonial history, and has played an important part in the growth of the country. Indonesia is located within an ideal geography for coffee plantations.

EAST JAVA COFFEE PLANTATIONS WITH MOUNT IJEN AS A BACKGROUND

The longitude and latitude of the country means that the island origins are all well suited micro-climates for the growth and production of coffee, resulting in widespread environmental degradation and the destruction of tropical rainforests that have the highest concentration of endemic species in the world.

This country produced 420,000 metric tons of coffee in 2007 that came from whole domestic regions with various taste and quality. Of this total, 271,000 tons were exported and 148,000 tons were consumed domestically. Of the exports, 25% are arabica beans; the balance is robusta.In general, Indonesia’s arabica coffees have low acidity and strong body, which makes them ideal for blending with higher acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa.

TORAJA COFFEE PRODUCED FROM SULAWESI PLANTATIONS

Now coffee crop has been planted throughout the territory of Indonesia, including Bali but if according to the history of coffee plants in Indonesia, in the early days, the prominent coffee under dutch rule was coffea arabica. The coffee was introduced to the archipelago via Sri lanka (Ceylon). The Dutch colonial government initially planted coffee around Batavia  now as known as Jakarta, and as far South as Sukabumi and bogor - West of Java, in the 17th century.

Coffee plantations were also established in East Java, Central Java, another regions of West Java and in parts of Sumatra and Sulawesi. Coffee at the time was also grown in Nusa Tenggara, East Indonesian archipelago such as East Timor and Flores island. Both of these islands were originally under portuguese control and the coffee was also c. Arabica, but from different root stocks. 

The coffee in eastern Indonesia was not affected to the same degree by rust, and even today, some coffee in East Timor can be traced back to the 16th and 17th century.

A rust plague in the late 1880s killed off much of the plantation stocks in Sukabumi, before spreading to Central Java and parts of East Java. Around the start of the 20th century, the C. arabica crops were devastated by coffee rust, wiping out the bulk of the Dutch root-stocks

The Dutch responded by replacing the C. Arabica firstly with Coffea liberica (a tough, but somewhat unpalatable coffee) and later with Coffea robusta. The popularity of this species was short lived as it was also affected by disease. The C. liberica cherry can still be found throughout Java, but is seldom used as a commercial crop in Indonesia. 

The C. liberica bean is much larger than either the arabica or the robusta cherry; however, it shares more in common cupping wise with robusta.

THE MOST EXPENSIVE COFFEE IN THE WORLD

KOPI LUWAK

KOPI LUWAK is the name that used for marketing brewed coffee made from the  exotic best quality beans . LUWAK is an animal name came from Javanese language or MUSANG in Bahasa Indonesia means CIVET and KOPI LUWAK means CIVET COFFEE.

Civet coffee is an unique  process  from  a cute creatures name  Paradoxurus Hermaphroditus or Asian Palm Civet they choose to eat coffee berries containing better beans. Digestive mechanisms may improve the flavor profile of the coffee beans that have been eaten. 

The civet eats the berries for the beans' fleshy pulp, then in the digestive tract, fermentation occurs. The civet's proteolytic enzymes seep into the beans, making shorter peptides and more free amino acids. Passing through a civet's intestines the beans are then defecated with other fecal matter and collected.

THE  COFFEE PREDATORS HAVE BECOME FRIENDS

Despite being in contact with faeces and pathogenic organisms, the beans contain negligible amounts of the enteric (pathogenic) organisms associated with feces. Moreover, the "cherry" or endocarp surrounding the bean is not completely digested by the luwak, and after being collected, the farmer performs thorough washing and removes the endocarp.

BEAUTIFUL SUPERVOLCANO  TOBA SURROUNDING BY SUMATRAN COFFEE PLANTATIONS

Sumatra is the world's largest regional producer of kopi luwak. Sumatran civet coffee beans are mostly an early arabica variety cultivated in the Indonesian archipelago since the 17th century. The major Sumatran kopi luwak production area is in Lampung, Bengkulu and Aceh especially the Gayo region, Takengon.

Appropriate narrative history, the origin of kopi luwak is closely connected with the history of coffee production in Indonesia. In the early 18th century the Dutch established the cash-crop coffee plantations in their colony in the Dutch East Indies islands of Java and Sumatra, including Arabica coffee introduced from Yemen. During the era of Cultuurstelsel (1830—1870), the Dutch prohibited the native farmers and plantation workers from picking coffee fruits for their own use. 

Still, the native farmers wanted to have a taste of the famed coffee beverage. Soon, the natives learned that certain species of musang or luwak (Asian Palm Civet) consumed the coffee fruits, yet they left the coffee seeds undigested in their droppings. The natives collected these luwak's coffee seed droppings, then cleaned, roasted and ground them to make their own coffee beverage. The fame of aromatic civet coffee spread from locals to Dutch plantation owners and soon became their favourite, yet because of its rarity and unusual process, the civet coffee was expensive even during the colonial era.

And now with retail prices reaching €550 / US$700 per kilogramme, KOPI LUWAK crowned as the most expensive coffee in the world.

Let's try.....!

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