RING OF FIRE, LIVING SIDE BY SIDE WITH DISASTER!

PEOPLE MIGHT NOT REALIZE ABOUT HOW THEY LIVE SIDE BY SIDE WITH NATURAL DISASTER.SOMETIMES, MOTHER NATURE SEEMS TO BE WRATHFUL AND DEMANDING FOR WHAT HAS BECOME THEIR RIGHTS.

THEY JUST ACTUALLY REMIND US ABOUT THEIR EXISTENCE WHERE THEY ALWAYS GIVE SO MUCH BUT GOT SO LITTLE IN RETURN. AS HUMAN THAT LIVES WITHIN IT, COMPROMIZE  WITH SUCH PHENOMENA IS A WISELY WAY.

WE COULD AT LEAST TRY TO BE MORE RESPONSIBLE, PATIENT, AND SINCERE TO THE NATURE THAT HAS GAVE US THE SPACE WHERE WE LIVE IN... AND THE AIR THAT WE BREATHE..

INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO HAS 127  VOLCANOES AND THE MOST ARE STILL ACTIVE, WITH A THOUSANDS PEOPLE LIVING NEAR THESE DANGER AREAS. THESE DANGEROUS EVENTS MIGHT BE RECORDED AS HISTORICAL NATURE'S GREATNESS. IT MIGHT BE CONTEMPLATION, IT MIGHT AS WELL BE FAIRYTALES............

LAKE TOBA SUPERVOLCANO

THE SLEEPING BEAUTY

IT IS LOCATED IN SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE  IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NORTHERN PART OF THE SUMATRA ISLAND, INDONESIA WITH A SURFACE ELEVATION OF ABOUT 900 METRES (2,953 FT) FROM SEA LEVEL. IT IS THE LARGEST VOLCANIC LAKE IN THE WORLD.

DANAU TOBA  IS INDONESIAN WORD MEANS LAKE TOBA LIKE A SLEEPING GIANT, THE LAKE AND SUPERVOLCANO IS 100 KILOMETRES LONG AND 30 KILOMETRES WIDE, AND 505 METRES (1,666 FT) AT ITS DEEPEST POINT. IN ADDITION, IT IS THE SITE OF A SUPERVOLCANIC ERUPTION THAT OCCURRED 69,000-77,000 YEARS AGO. IT WAS A MASSIVE CLIMATE-CHANGE PHENOMENA. THE ERUPTION IS BELIEVED TO HAD A VEI  ( VOLCANO EXPLOSIVISITY INDEX ) OF 8. THIS IS THE LARGEST KNOWN ERUPTION ANYWHERE ON EARTH IN THE LAST 25 MILLION YEARS.

MEGAERUPTION FORMED A SMALL ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE OF LAKE, THE ISLAND NAME PULAU SAMOSIR OR ISLAND OF SAMOSIR.  WITH APPROXIMATELY 640 KM2 THE ISLAND WAS ORIGINALLY CONNECTED TO THE SURROUNDING CALDERA WALL BY A SMALL ISTHMUS, WHICH WAS CUT THROUGH TO AID NAVIGATION.  

SIPISO PISO WATERFALL  A BEAUTIFUL GIFT FROM DESTRUCTION IN THE PAST

ACCORDING TO THE TOBA CATASTROPHE THEORY, TO WHICH SOME ANTHROPOLOGISTS AND ARCHAEOLOGISTS SUBSCRIBED, IT HAS GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES, IT COULD KILL MOST HUMANS THEN AND COULD CREATE A POPULATION BOTTLENECK PHENOMENA IN CENTRAL EASTERN AFRICA AND INDIA. THIS COULD AFFECT THE GENETIC INHERITANCE OF ALL HUMANS TODAY.

One number of Indonesia - North Sumatran folk song  SIK SIK BATU MANIKKAM also popular in world's choir competition.

SAMALAS CALDERA OF MOUNT RINJANI

THE MYSTERIOUS PUZZLE FINALLY ANSWERED!

IN ADDITION TO 3 GREAT VOLCANOES ERUPTION FROM INDONESIAN REGION THAT GENERATE A GLOBAL DISASTER RECORDS, 1 NEW  MOUNTAIN WILL BE ADDED TO THE LIST.

SAMALAS ERUPTION WORST THAN TAMBORA CATASTROPHIC

ACCORDING TO THE LATEST DATA, THE MYSTERIOUS ERUPTION ON 13th CENTURY FINALLY DISCOVERED TO BE SAMALAS CALDERA OF MOUNT RINJANI IN LOMBOK ISLAND, INDONESIA. IT ERUPTED BESIDE MOUNT TAMBORA THAT ERUPTED IN SUMBAWA ISLAND IN 18th CENTURY, THIS VOLCANO ALSO MADE “THE YEAR WITHOUT A SUMMER” WITH THE BIGGEST CATASTHROPIC RECORD IN 13TH CENTURY.

WEST NUSATENGGARA PROVINCE

SAMALAS CALDERA ( ALSO KNOWN AS MOUNT RINJANI ) ESTIMATED HEIGHT BEFORE ERRUPTION IS 4200 METRES AND AFTER ERRUPTION IS 3726 METRES HIGH. IT IS LOCATED IN RINJANI NATIONAL PARK - ISLAND OF LOMBOK , WEST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE, INDONESIA.

SAMALAS CALDERA WITH SEGARA ANAK LAKE

GUNUNG RINJANI IS INDONESIAN WORD FOR MOUNT RINJANI  ( 3726 M ) WITH ITS SAMALAS CALDERA ( 16th SOUTH EAST ASIA HIGH RANK VOLCANOES , 17th FROM 127 OF INDONESIAN MOUNTAIN HIGH SUMMITS , 2nd  INDONESIAN STILL ACTIVE VOLCANOES HIGH RANK AS WIKI RECORDED IN 2012) IS ONE OF FAVORITE DESTINATION FOR LOCAL AND OVERSEAS MOUNTAINEERS. WITH NOT TOO STEEP SURFACE, SPECIOUS SAVANNAH, PLAIN TUNDRA AND BEAUTIFUL SCENERY  FROM APPROXIMATELY 6 KM WIDE CALDERA LAKE NAMED SEGARA ANAK  ( DERIVE FROM JAVANESE WORD SEGARA OR SEGORO MEANS THE OCEAN AND ANAK MEANS CHILD , SEGARA ANAK =  CHILD OF THE OCEAN ) WILL MAKE PEOPLE FORGET THE CRUELTY OF ITS WRATH.

BEAUTIFUL MOUNT RINJANI WILL MAKE FORGET THE CRUELTY OF ITS WRATH

THE FOLLOWING DATA FROM AN INTERNATIONAL TEAM OF SCIENTISTS PUBLISHING IN PNAS JOURNAL , LED BY GEOGRAPHER/VOLCANOLOGIST FRANCK LAVIGNE  SAYS;

IN 2012, A TEAM OF SCIENTISTS LED BY GEOCHEMIST GIFFORD MILLER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, BOULDER, STRENGTHENED THE LINK BETWEEN THE MYSTERY ERUPTION AND THE ONSET OF THE LITTLE ICE AGE BY USING RADIOCARBON DATING OF DEAD PLANT MATERIAL FROM BENEATH THE ICE CAPS ON BAFFIN ISLAND AND ICELAND, AS WELL AS ICE AND SEDIMENT CORE DATA, TO DETERMINE THAT THE COLD SUMMERS AND ICE GROWTH BEGAN ABRUPTLY BETWEEN 1275 AND 1300 C.E. (AND BECAME INTENSIFIED BETWEEN 1430 AND 1455 C.E.). SUCH A SUDDEN ONSET, THEY NOTED IN GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS IN 2012, POINTED TO A HUGE VOLCANIC ERUPTION INJECTING SULFUR INTO THE STRATOSPHERE AND STARTING THE COOLING. SUBSEQUENT, UNUSUALLY LARGE AND FREQUENT ERUPTIONS OF OTHER VOLCANOES, AS WELL AS SEA-ICE/OCEAN FEEDBACKS PERSISTING LONG AFTER THE AEROSOLS HAVE BEEN REMOVED FROM THE ATMOSPHERE, MAY HAVE PROLONGED THE COOLING THROUGH THE 1700S.

VOLCANOLOGIST FRANCK LAVIGNE OF THE UNIVERSITÉ PARIS IN AND COLLEAGUES NOW THINK THEY’VE IDENTIFIED THE VOLCANO IN QUESTION: INDONESIA’S SAMALAS. ONE LINE OF EVIDENCE, THEY NOTE THIS WEEK IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, IS HISTORICAL RECORDS. ACCORDING TO BABAD LOMBOK, RECORDS OF THE ISLAND WRITTEN ON PALM LEAVES IN OLD JAVANESE, SAMALAS ERUPTED CATASTROPHICALLY BEFORE THE END OF THE 13TH CENTURY, DEVASTATING SURROUNDING VILLAGES—INCLUDING LOMBOK’S CAPITAL AT THE TIME, PAMATAN — WITH ASH AND FAST-MOVING SWEEPS OF HOT ROCK AND GAS CALLED PYROCLASTIC FLOWS.

LIKE THE AUTHORS NOTE, THE RINJANI ERUPTION WAS: ON THE SCALE OF THE TAMBORA ERUPTION OF 1815, AND MORE POWERFUL THAN KRAKATOA IN 1883.

IN SCALE OF VEI 1- 8 ( VOLCANO EXPLOVICITY INDEX )  THE THREE TOP GREATEST ERUPTION IN INDONESIA, EVEN THE WORLD, THAT ARE RECORDED  ARE  TOBA LAKE SUPERVOLCANO ERUPTION – SUMATRA ISLAND, HAPPENED AROUND 69,000-77,000 YEARS AGO ON VEI 8 SCALE. MOUNT TAMBORA ERUPTION – SUMBAWA ISLAND, ON 1815 ON VEI 7 SCALE, AND MOUNT KRAKATOA – RAKATA ISLAND, YEAR 1883, ON 6 VEI SCALE.  FINALLY, SAMALAS CALDERA,PROBABLY IN 7 – 8 ON VEI SCALE, WILL BECOME A NEW COMER ON THE LIST OF THE WORLD’S  HISTORICAL PHENOMENAL VOLCANOES RECORD.

AT THAT TIME, SAMALAS CALDERA OF MOUNT RINJANI ALSO THREW AS MUCH AS 40 CUBIC MILES OF ROCKS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, AND DESTROYED THE MOUNTAIN. THE ERUPTION WAS ALSO BIGGER MORE WORST THAN MOUNT TAMBORA ERUPTION, WHICH MAKE IT ONE OF THE LARGEST ERUPTIONS OF THE LAST SEVERAL THOUSAND YEARS AFTER THE 8 SCALE OF VEI – TOBA SUPER VOLCANO .

THE ERUPTION ALSO RECORDED AS THE ONE THAT CAUSE SUDDEN GLOBAL ANOMALOUS WEATHER IN FOLLOWING YEARS, AND MAY EVEN HAVE BECOME THE FACTOR FOR LITTLE ICE AGE IN 13TH CENTURY. 

MEDIEVAL ENGLISH RECORDS OF 1258 AD RECOGNIZED THIS EVENT AS THE YEAR WITHOUT A SUMMER, WHEN CROP HARVESTS FAILED DUE TO NEVERENDING FLOODS AND MANY PEOPLE DIED. EVIDENCE OF WEATHER  ANOMALIES  ALSO CAN BE SEEN FROM THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN SOME PAINTINGS IN THE ERA  OF THE 13th CENTURY , THERE ARE IMAGES THAT SHOWN A LOT OF GLACIERS, PEOPLE SKATING ON FROZEN DUTCH CANALS, AND ALSO LONDON'S RIVER THAMES.

Original Source : Sciencemag.org

MOUNT TAMBORA

A SUPERB DESTROYER FROM THE EAST OF ARCHIPELAGO

WEST NUSATENGGARA PROVINCE

THE GREATEST VOLCANO ERUPTION IN THE WORLD SINCE MODERN CIVILIZATION BEGAN. GUNUNG TAMBORA OR MOUNT TAMBORA , IS LOCATED BETWEEN DOMPU DISTRICT AND BIMA DISTRICT  SUMBAWA ISLAND - WEST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE, INDONESIA. IT ERUPTED IN APRIL 1815.

MOUNT TAMBORA AND ITS MISSING PEAK TODAY

WITH EXPLOSION  IN THE 7 ON  SCALE OF VEI ( VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY INDEX ), 3 LOCAL KINGDOMS AROUND THE AREA WHICH ARE TAMBORA KINGDOM,  PEKAT KINGDOM, AND SANGGAR KINGDOM ARE SWEPT AWAY BY THE EFFECT, AND THE CIVILIZATIONS  VANISHED.

THIS ERUPTION IS THE LARGEST  SINCE  SAMALAS CALDERA  ( WITH PROBABLY 7 - 8 ON SCALE OF VEI ) ERUPTION. THE STRONG ERUPTION COULD BE HEARD UNTIL AUSTRALIA, SOUTH EAST ASIA AND SUMATRA WHICH LOCATED MORE THAN 2000 KM. THE DARK VOLCANIC ASH FELL IN KALIMANTAN ( BORNEO ), SULAWESI ( CELEBES ), JAWA (JAVA), AND MALUKU ( MOLUCCAS ) ISLAND.

THIS ERUPTION CAUSED DEATH OF NOT LESS THAN 71 000 PEOPLE, WITH 11000 -12000 WERE KILLED FOR DIRECT CONTACT OF THE ERUPTION. EVEN SOME RESEARCHERS ESTIMATED THAT THE DEATH TOLL CONTINUES TO EXCEED THE NUMBER OF 92 000 PEOPLES.

 HOSPITALITY MOUNT TAMBORA TODAY

THE MAGNITUDE OF THIS ERUPTION CAUSED GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, WHICH TRIGGER DOWN 5 DEGREES CELCIUS. UNTIL THE NEXT YEAR IN 1816, THE DUST IN THE ATMOSPHERE CONTINUES TO COVER THE SUN UNTIL IT WAS ALSO CALLED THE YEAR WITHOUT A SUMMER.

THIS DRASTIC CLIMATE CHANGE COULD ALSO BE FELT UNTIL NORTH AMERICA TO EUROPE, THE SNOW AND THE RIVER WATER TURNS RED. IT ALSO CAUSE AN AGRICULTURAL CROP FAILURE, RESULTING IN FAMINE.THIS ERUPTION WAS RECORDED AS THE WORST GLOBAL DISASTERS IN THE 19TH CENTURY.

KRAKATOA! KRAKATOA!
 A STRENGTH FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA

BANTEN PROVINCE

LIKE AN ARTIST, KRAKATOA IS SUCH A PHENOMENAL FIGURE WITH A COMPLETE PACKAGE. IT IS PERFECTLY DISASTROUS. STARTING FROM VOLCANIC MATERIALS , EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMIS, TO CLIMATE CHANGE.

ANAK KRAKATAU OR CHILD OF KRAKATOA WHICH GROWS CONTINOUSLY. HOPEFULLY ITS WRATH WON'T BE AS SEVERE AS HOW ITS PARENTS USED TO BE.

GUNUNG KRAKATAU OR MOUNT KRAKATOA LOCATED IN SUNDA STRAIT - ISLAND OF RAKATA a k a KRAKATAU BETWEEN JAVA ISLAND - SUMATRA ISLAND , BANTEN PROVINCE - INDONESIA.  IN AUGUST 26 – 27,1883 THIS ERUPTION EJECTED APPROXIMATELY 21 CUBIC KILOMETRES OF ROCK, ASHES, AND ANOTHER VOLCANIC MATERIALS. THE CATACLYSMIC EXPLOSION WAS DISTINCTLY HEARD AS FAR AS PERTH IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA, WHICH LOCATED ABOUT 1,930 MILES (3,110 KM) AWAY. IT COULD ALSO BE HEARD AT THE ISLAND OF RODRIGUES NEAR MAURITIUS, WHICH IS LOCATED ABOUT 3,000 MILES (5,000 KM) AWAY.

THE MOST WELL KNOWN ERUPTION OF KRAKATOA, CULMINATE A SERIES OF MASSIVE EXPLOSIONS UNTIL SEVERAL DAY. IT WAS AMONG THE MOST VIOLENT VOLCANIC EVENTS IN MODERN ERA AS RECORDED HISTORY.

KRAKATOA EXPLOSION HAVE A VEI ( VOLCANO EXPLOSIVITY INDEX ) OF 6. THE ERUPTION WAS EQUIVALENT TO 200 MEGATONS OF TNT (840 PJ) SAME ABOUT 13,000 TIMES OF THE NUCLEAR BOMB THAT DESTROYED HIROSHIMA & NAGASAKI - JAPAN, DURING WORLD WAR II.

THERE WERE 165 VILLAGES AND TOWNS WERE DESTROYED DURING THIS ERUPTION. 132 VILLAGES SERIOUSLY DAMAGED, AND AT LEAST 36,417 (OFFICIAL TOLL) PEOPLE DIED, AND MANY THOUSANDS WERE INJURED BY THE ERUPTION AND THE TSUNAMI THAT FOLLOWED THE EXPLOSION. THE ERUPTION DESTROYED TWO-THIRDS OF THE ISLAND OF RAKATA - WHERE KRAKATOA IS LOCATED. AROUND YEAR 1927 AFTER THE ERUPTIONS, A NEW ISLAND IN THE SAME LOCATION, NAMED ANAK KRAKATAU (CHILD OF KRAKATOA) IS BUILT. THIS ISLAND CURRENTLY HAS A RADIUS OF ROUGHLY 2 KILOMETRES (1.2 MI) AND A HIGH POINT AROUND 300 METRES (980 FT) ABOVE SEA LEVEL. IT GROWS 5 METRES (16 FT) EACH YEAR.

SUNDA STRAIT BRIDGE ( THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECOND CROSS-SEA BRIDGE IN INDONESIA ) IT WILL GO THROUGH A PHENOMENAL KRAKATOA TERRITORY.

JEMBATAN LAUT ( JAVA-SUMATRA)  SELAT SUNDA OR SUNDA STRAIT  SEA BRIDGE ACCROSS THE KRAKATOA TERRITORY

NATURE COULD HAVE ITS OWN AGENDA,
 BUT HUMAN ALSO NEEDS TO LIVE ON.

WE COULD NOT COMPARE OUR STRENGHT AGAINST NATURE'S GREATNESS,

BUT WE COULD AT LEAST TRY TO MINIMIZE THE RISK BY AVOIDING MORE DESTRUCTION THAT WE DO TO MOTHER NATURE.....

FOR AS A MANKIND, WE ARE GIFTED WITH INTELLECTUAL ABILITY!

MOUNT GALUNGGUNG

LEARNING BY DOING

WEST JAVA PROVINCE

MOUNT GALUNGGUNG'S CALDERA

MOUNT GALUNGGUNG (INDONESIAN: GUNUNG GALUNGGUNG, FORMAL PRONOUNCIATION: GALOEN-GONG ) IS AN ACTIVE STRATOVOLCANO  IS LOCATED BEETWEN TOWNS OF GARUT AND TASIKMALAYA - WEST JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA. THIS VOLCANO IS A PART OF THE SUNDA ARC, EXTENDS THROUGH SUMATRA,  JAVA, AND BALI. IT WAS THE RESULT OF THE SUBDUCTION BETWEEN THE INDIAN OCEANIC PLATE AND THE AUSTRALIAN PLATE, BENEATH THE EURASIAN.

MOUNT GALUNGGUNG WITH THE PADI FIELD TERRACES

GALUNGGUNG EXPLOSION IS FIRSTLY RECORDED ON  OCTOBER 8 1822. THIS EXPLOSION LASTED OVER A MONTH, REACHING AN ESTIMATED VEI  ( VOLCANIC  EXPOSIVICITY INDEX ) OF 5 AND PRODUCING BURNING CLOUD AND LAVA OR HOT MUDFLOW  ( LIQUID OF VOLCANO ) THAT KILLED MORE THAN 4000 PEOPLE WITH  DESTROYED THEIR  114 VILLAGES.

WRATHFUL OF GALUNGGUNG  ILLUSTRATION

THE JAVANESE WORD OF WEDUS GEMBEL  OR FRENCH WORD NUEE ARDENTES  MEANS BURNING CLOUD EXTEND FOR ALMOST 10 KM (6 MILES) FROM THE VOLCANO.THE LAST MAJOR ERUPTION ON GALUNGGUNG WAS IN 1982, WHICH HAD A VEI  OF 4, AND KILLED 68 PEOPLE.

UNEXPECTEDLY, THIS ERUPTION CAUSE AN AIRCRAFT DISASTER AFTER TWO BOEING 747 PASSENGER JETS FLYING DOWNWIND WITH TEMPORARY ENGINE FAILURES AND  TERRIBLY DAMAGED EXTERIOR SURFACES.

AT THAT TIME A BRITISH AIRWAYS  FLIGHT 9 ‘CITY OF EDENBURGH’   WITH PLANE B 747-236B FROM HEATHROW  - LONDON  TO CITY OF AUCKLAND NEW ZEALAND VIA ASIA AND AUSTRALIA CARRYING 240 PASSENGERS, ACCIDENTALLY ENTERED THE ASH CLOUD DURING NIGHT TIME IN JUNE 24 1982, DOWNWIND TO APPROXIMATELY 150 KM BECAUSE OF THE “SMOKE” VOLCANO ERUPTION. ALL FOUR ENGINES FAILED AND THE AIRCRAFT DESCENDED FOR 16 MINUTES, LOSING 7,500 METRES OF ITS 11,500-METER ALTITUDE, UNTIL THE CREW MANAGED TO RESTART THE ENGINES.  THIS ACCIDENT FORCE THE  BRITISH AIRWAYS FLIGHT  9 TO MAKE EMERGENCY LANDING AT THE OLD JAKARTA AIRPORT – HALIM PERDANAKUSUMA ,INDONESIA.

A GLOWING  IRON WING BY ST.ELMO'S FIRE EFFECTS

THE FOLLOWING MONTH A SINGAPORE AIRLINES AEROPLANE WITH 230 PASSENGERS ON BOARD, ALSO ACCIDENTALLY ENTERED THE CLOUD AT NIGHT TIME, AND THREE OF ITS FOUR ENGINES STOPPED. THE CREW SUCCESSFULLY RESTARTED ONE OF THE ENGINE AFTER DESCENDED IN 2,400 METRES. BOTH AIRCRAFT SUFFERED SERIOUS DAMAGES TO THEIR ENGINES AND ITS EXTERIOR.

THE CREW AND PASSENGERS OF BRITISH AIRWAYS FLIGHT 9 ALSO FORMED THE ‘GALUNGGUNG GLIDING CLUB’ TO KEEP CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER AND MEMORIZE THE UNFOTUNATE EVENT.

SINCE THESE ACCIDENTS, THE AVIATION HAS A NEW SAFETY STANDARD, AND IT BECOMES THE GLOBAL RULES, WHENEVER AND WHEREVER ERUPTION PHENOMENA HAPPENS.

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